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coalition of Left

  • 1 коалиция коалици·я

    (сил, партий) coalition, junction; fusion амер.

    образовать / создать коалицию — to build / to form a coalition

    объединиться в коалицию — to ally in / to blend in / to fuse in / to unite in a coalition

    военная коалиция — war / military coalition

    многочисленная коалиция (в состав которой входит много различных группировок, партий и т.п.) — superfluous coalition

    правящая коалиция — dominant / ruling coalition

    коалиция двух государств — coalition / junction of two states

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > коалиция коалици·я

  • 2 IU

    IU
    1 PLÍTICA ( Izquierda Unida) United Left (left-wing political coalition whose nucleus is formed by the Communist Party)
    * * *
    SF ABR Esp
    (Pol) = Izquierda Unida Spanish coalition of left-wing parties
    * * *
    IU
    (en Esp, Per) = Izquierda Unida
    * * *
    IU nf (abrev de Izquierda Unida)
    = Spanish left-wing coalition party
    * * *
    IU
    f abr (= Izquierda Unida) Spanish Communist coalition

    Spanish-English dictionary > IU

  • 3 izquierda

    adj.&f.
    feminine of IZQUIERDO.
    f.
    1 left (lado).
    a la izquierda (de) on o to the left (of)
    girar a la izquierda to turn left
    2 left hand (mano).
    3 left (wing) (politics).
    4 left wing, left, left-wing party.
    5 leftism, left-wing tendency.
    * * *
    1 (mano) left hand; (pierna) left leg
    2 PLÍTICA the left
    \
    girar a la izquierda to turn left
    ser de izquierdas to be left-wing
    * * *
    1. noun f. 2. f., (m. - izquierdo)
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=mano) left hand; (=lado) left, left-hand side

    el árbol de la izquierda — the tree on the left o on the left-hand side

    cero 1)
    2) (Pol)

    Izquierda Unida — Spanish coalition of left-wing parties

    * * *
    1)
    b) ( lado) left

    la puerta de la izquierda — the door on the left, the left-hand door

    izquierda, ar! — (Mil) by the left, quick march!

    2) (Pol) left

    de izquierda or (Esp) de izquierdas — left-wing

    * * *
    (n.) = left hand
    Ex. Entry words may be aligned in a centre column or in a left hand column.
    * * *
    1)
    b) ( lado) left

    la puerta de la izquierda — the door on the left, the left-hand door

    izquierda, ar! — (Mil) by the left, quick march!

    2) (Pol) left

    de izquierda or (Esp) de izquierdas — left-wing

    * * *
    la izquierda
    = left wing, the

    Ex: Politically, the right wing favours private cultural initiative; the left wing wants state involvement in the arts.

    (n.) = left hand

    Ex: Entry words may be aligned in a centre column or in a left hand column.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (mano izquierda): la izquierda the left hand
    2 (lado) left
    la puerta de la izquierda the door on the left o on the left-hand side, the left-hand door
    ¡izquierda, ar! ( Mil) by the left, quick march!
    a la izquierda pueden ver la catedral to o on the left you can see the cathedral
    el coche torció a la izquierda the car turned left
    se colocó a la izquierda de su padre he stood to the left of his father o on his father's left
    ahí enfrente a la izquierda over there on the left
    conducen por la izquierda they drive on the left
    B ( Pol) left
    de izquierda or ( Esp) de izquierdas left-wing
    * * *

     

    izquierda sustantivo femenino
    1


    b) ( lado) left;


    torció a la izquierda he turned left;
    ahí enfrente a la izquierda over there on the left;
    conducen por la izquierda they drive on the left
    2 (Pol) left;
    de izquierda or (Esp) de izquierdas left-wing
    izquierdo,-a
    I adjetivo left
    mano/pierna izquierda, left hand/leg
    II sustantivo femenino
    1 (mano) left hand
    2 (lado) la izquierda, the left
    está a la izquierda, it's on the left
    está a tu izquierda, it's on your left
    torcer a la izquierda, to turn left
    el de la izquierda, the one on the left
    3 Pol the left
    una política/un partido de izquierda(s), a left-wing policy/party
    ser de izquierda(s), to have left-wing views
    ♦ Locuciones: ser un cero a la izquierda, to be useless o a nobody
    tener mano izquierda, to be astute o clever
    ' izquierda' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - cero
    - circular
    - doblar
    - girar
    - izquierdo
    - mano
    - subir
    - torcer
    - conducir
    - conforme
    - extremo
    - rojo
    English:
    bear
    - far
    - hand
    - in
    - keep to
    - last
    - left
    - left-hand
    - left-wing
    - move
    - on
    - one
    - port
    - side
    - to
    - turn
    - filter
    - inside
    - keep
    - make
    - outside
    - take
    - top
    - up
    - veer
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [contrario de derecha] left, left-hand side;
    el de la izquierda es mi primo the person on the left is my cousin;
    a la izquierda (de) on o to the left (of);
    la primera bocacalle a la izquierda the first turning on the left;
    a mi/vuestra izquierda on my/your left(-hand side);
    a su izquierda el Ayuntamiento on your left is the Town o US City Hall;
    girar a la izquierda to turn left;
    de la izquierda on the left;
    por la izquierda on the left
    2. [en política] left (wing);
    la izquierda the left;
    un partido de Esp [m5] izquierdas o Am [m5] izquierda a left-wing party;
    ser de Esp [m5] izquierdas o Am [m5] izquierda to be left-wing
    3. [mano] left hand;
    [pierna] left foot;
    marcó con la izquierda he scored with his left foot
    4. [puerta]
    el segundo izquierda Br the left-hand flat on the second floor, US the left-hand apartment on the third floor
    ♦ interj
    [orden militar] left wheel!
    * * *
    f tb
    POL left;
    por la izquierda on the left
    * * *
    : left
    * * *
    1. (en general) left
    2. (mano) left hand
    3. (pierna) left leg

    Spanish-English dictionary > izquierda

  • 4 centrolewica

    f.
    center-left party l. coalition, moderate left party l. coalition.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > centrolewica

  • 5 frente

    f.
    forehead.
    frente a frente face to face
    m.
    dar un paso al frente to step forward
    estar al frente de to be in charge of, to head; (empresa) to be at the front of, to lead (manifestación)
    chocaron de frente they collided head on
    me encontré de frente con él I found myself face to face with him
    en frente opposite
    en frente de mi casa opposite my house
    hacer frente a algo to face up to something
    hacer o formar frente común to make common cause
    3 front (Meteo).
    frente cálido/frío warm/cold front
    4 forehead, brow.
    5 alliance, coalition.
    * * *
    1 (gen) front
    2 MILITAR front, front line
    1 ANATOMÍA forehead
    \
    al frente de (delante) at the head of 2 (hacia delante) ahead
    chocar de frente to crash head on
    con la frente muy alta with one's head up high
    de frente (hacia adelante) straight ahead 2 (sin rodeos) straight
    frente a (enfrente de) in front of, opposite 2 (en contra de) against 3 (en presencia de) in the presence of
    frente a frente face to face
    hacer frente a alguien to challenge somebody, face up to somebody
    hacer frente a algo to face something, face up to something
    no tener dos dedos de frente to be as thick as two short planks
    ponerse al frente de algo to take command of something
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) brow, forehead
    * * *
    1.
    SF (Anat) forehead, brow liter

    • arrugar la frente — to frown, knit one's brow

    dedo
    2. SM
    1) (=parte delantera) front

    • al frente — in front

    un ejército con su capitán al frente — an army led by its captain, an army with its captain at the front

    • al frente de, entró en Madrid al frente de las tropas — he led the troops into Madrid, he entered Madrid at the head of his troops

    un concierto con Herbert Von Karajan al frente de la Filarmónica de Berlín — a concert by the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Herbert Von Karajan

    • en frente, la casa de en frente — the house opposite

    • hacer frente a — [+ crisis, problemas] to tackle; [+ situación, realidad] to face up to

    • frente por frente, vivimos frente por frente — we live directly opposite each other

    frente de arranque, frente de trabajo — (Min) coalface

    2)

    • de frente, atacar de frente — to make a frontal attack

    seguir de frente — to go straight on, go straight ahead

    3) (Mil, Pol) front

    • formar o hacer un frente común con algn — to form a united front with sb

    4) (Meteo) front
    5)

    • frente a —

    a) (=enfrente de) opposite
    b) (=en presencia de)

    ceder frente a una amenaza — to give way to o in the face of a threat

    c) (=en oposición a)

    logró un 39% de los votos, frente al 49% de 1990 — she got 39% of the vote, as against 49% in 1990

    frente a lo que pensaba, eran franceses — in contrast to what I thought, they were French

    6)

    • frente mío/ suyo — esp Cono Sur * in front of me/you, opposite me/you

    * * *
    I
    femenino forehead, brow (liter)

    una frente despejada or ancha — a broad forehead

    con la frente bien alta or en alto — with one's head held high

    II
    1)
    a) ( de edificio) front, facade (frml)

    hacer(le) frente a algo — (a la realidad, una responsabilidad) to face up to something; (a gastos, obligaciones) to meet something

    le hizo frente a la vida por sus propios medios — she stood on her own two feet

    hacerle frente a alguien — (a enemigo, atacante) to face somebody

    al frente: dio un paso al frente she took a step forward; la Orquesta Sinfónica, con López Morán al frente the Symphony Orchestra, conducted by López Morán; desfilaron llevando al frente el emblema de la paz they marched behind the symbol of peace; vive al frente (Chi) she lives opposite; pasar al frente (AmL) to come/go up to the front; al frente de: están al frente de la clasificación they are at the top of the table; iba al frente de la patrulla he was leading the patrol; está al frente de la empresa she is in charge of the company; de frente: chocaron de frente they crashed head on; una foto de frente a full-face photo; no entra de frente it won't go in front on; de frente a (AmL) facing; frente a opposite; viven frente a mi casa they live opposite me; el hotel está frente al mar the hotel faces the sea; estamos frente a un grave problema we are faced with a serious problem; se mantiene estable frente al dólar — it is holding up against the dollar

    2)
    a) (Meteo) front
    b) ( en una guerra) front

    sin novedad en el frente — (fr hecha, hum) all quiet on that front (colloq & hum)

    c) (Pol) ( agrupación) front
    •
    * * *
    I
    femenino forehead, brow (liter)

    una frente despejada or ancha — a broad forehead

    con la frente bien alta or en alto — with one's head held high

    II
    1)
    a) ( de edificio) front, facade (frml)

    hacer(le) frente a algo — (a la realidad, una responsabilidad) to face up to something; (a gastos, obligaciones) to meet something

    le hizo frente a la vida por sus propios medios — she stood on her own two feet

    hacerle frente a alguien — (a enemigo, atacante) to face somebody

    al frente: dio un paso al frente she took a step forward; la Orquesta Sinfónica, con López Morán al frente the Symphony Orchestra, conducted by López Morán; desfilaron llevando al frente el emblema de la paz they marched behind the symbol of peace; vive al frente (Chi) she lives opposite; pasar al frente (AmL) to come/go up to the front; al frente de: están al frente de la clasificación they are at the top of the table; iba al frente de la patrulla he was leading the patrol; está al frente de la empresa she is in charge of the company; de frente: chocaron de frente they crashed head on; una foto de frente a full-face photo; no entra de frente it won't go in front on; de frente a (AmL) facing; frente a opposite; viven frente a mi casa they live opposite me; el hotel está frente al mar the hotel faces the sea; estamos frente a un grave problema we are faced with a serious problem; se mantiene estable frente al dólar — it is holding up against the dollar

    2)
    a) (Meteo) front
    b) ( en una guerra) front

    sin novedad en el frente — (fr hecha, hum) all quiet on that front (colloq & hum)

    c) (Pol) ( agrupación) front
    •
    * * *
    frente1
    1 = brow, forehead.

    Ex: I can see a staff member in a sitting position with hand held on the brow covering the eye vision and engrossed in reading.

    Ex: The camera hound of the future wears on his forehead a lump a little larger than a walnut.
    * con el sudor de + Posesivo + frente = by the sweat of + Posesivo + brow.
    * con la frente en alto = stand + tall.
    * dinero ganado con el sudor de la frente = hard-earned money.
    * ganarse el pan con el sudor de la frente = earn + Posesivo + daily bread with the sweat of + Posesivo + brow.
    * no tener dos dedos de frente = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, as daft as a brush, knucklehead.
    * sudor de la frente = sweat of the brow.

    frente2
    2 = front.

    Ex: In addition, one must not forget such mundane matters as door bells ( front and back), a closing bell, fire bells, security alarms and possibly others all of which must be noticeably different.

    * al frente de = in the forefront of/in, in charge (of), at the forefront of.
    * choque de frente = head-on collision.
    * dar un paso al frente = step up.
    * de frente = head-on, frontal.
    * hacia el frente = ahead.
    * mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.
    * mirar al frente = look + straight ahead.
    * poner a Alguien al frente de = put + Nombre + in charge of.
    * viento de frente = headwind.

    frente3
    3 = front.

    Ex: Present auguries on the resource front are not good.

    * frente cálido = warm front.
    * frente de altas presiones = ridge of high pressure.
    * frente de bajas presiones = ridge of low pressure.
    * frente de batalla, el = battlefront, the.
    * frente de guerra, el = war front, the.
    * frente de investigación = research front.
    * frente frío = cold front.
    * frente glacial = cold front.
    * frente metereológico = weather front.
    * frente occidental, el = Western Front, the.
    * hacer un frente común = stand up as + one.
    * presentar un frente común = present + common front.

    frente4

    Ex: Against this proliferation of hosts there is a distinct awareness amongst users of the need for the rationalisation.

    * en frente = ahead, in front.
    * en frente de = in front of.
    * frente a = opposite, versus (vs - abreviatura), outside, in the face of.
    * frente a la playa = beachfront.
    * frente al mar = on the seafront, seafront, beachfront.
    * frente al océano = oceanfront.
    * hacer frente = combat, come to + terms with, contain, address + Nombre + head-on, meet + Nombre + head-on, tackle + Nombre + head-on, face + Nombre + head-on, engage.
    * hacer frente a = confront, deal with, face, face up to, meet, cope with, stand up to, brave, breast, address.
    * hacer frente a deudas = meet + debts.
    * hacer frente a gastos = meet + expenses.
    * hacer frente a la delincuencia = tackle + crime.
    * hacer frente a la inflación = combat + inflation.
    * hacer frente a la realidad = confront + reality, face + (the) facts, face + (up to) the fact that, face + reality.
    * hacer frente a la realidad (de que) = face + the truth (that).
    * hacer frente a las diferencias = face + differences.
    * hacer frente a la situación = tackle + situation.
    * hacer frente a la vida = cope.
    * hacer frente al cambio = manage + change.
    * hacer frente al futuro = face up to + the future.
    * hacer frente al hecho de que = face + (up to) the fact that.
    * hacer frente a los elementos = brave + the elements.
    * hacer frente a los hechos = face + facts.
    * hacer frente a tiempos difíciles = cope with + difficult times.
    * hacer frente a una amenaza = address + threat.
    * hacer frente a una crisis = face + crisis, meet + crisis.
    * hacer frente a una incertidumbre = meet + uncertainty.
    * hacer frente a una necesidad = meet + need, serve + need.
    * hacer frente a una responsabilidad = meet + responsibility, face up to + responsibility.
    * hacer frente a un cambio = meet + change.
    * hacer frente a un gasto = meet + cost.
    * hacer frente a un problema = attack + problem, combat + problem, wrestle with + problem.
    * hacer frente a un reto = rise (up) to + challenge, confront + challenge, meet + challenge, embrace + challenge.
    * superarse para hacer frente a Algo = rise to + meet.

    * * *
    forehead, brow ( liter)
    arrugó la frente extrañada she gave a puzzled frown, she knitted her brow in puzzlement
    tiene la frente despejada or ancha he has a broad forehead
    A
    1 (de un edificio) front, facade ( frml)
    unos reflectores iluminaban todo el frente the whole facade was lit up by spotlights
    pintaron el frente de la casa they painted the front of the house
    hacer(le) frente a algo/algn to face up to sth/sb
    hay que hacer frente a la realidad you must face up to reality
    no puede hacer frente a sus obligaciones he is unable to meet his obligations
    2 ( en locs):
    al frente: dio un paso al frente she took a step forward, she stepped forward one pace
    la Orquesta Sinfónica, con López Morán al frente the Symphony Orchestra, conducted by o under the direction of López Morán
    desfilaron llevando al frente el emblema de la paz they marched behind the symbol of peace
    vive al frente ( Chi); she lives opposite
    cruzó al frente para no saludarme ( Chi); he crossed the road to avoid speaking to me
    pasar al frente ( AmL); to come/go up to the front
    al frente de: están al frente de la clasificación they are at the top of the table, they lead o head the division
    iba al frente de la patrulla he was leading the patrol
    puso a su hija al frente de la empresa he put his daughter in charge of the company
    de frente: los dos vehículos chocaron de frente the two vehicles crashed head on
    una foto de frente a full-face photo
    no entra de frente it won't go in front on o frontways
    de frente a ( AmL); facing
    se puso de frente a la clase she stood facing the class
    frente a opposite
    viven justo frente a mi casa they live directly opposite me
    se detuvo frente al museo he stopped in front of o opposite the museum
    el hotel está frente al mar the hotel faces the sea
    estamos frente a un grave problema we are faced with a serious problem, we have a serious problem on our hands
    se tomarán medidas frente al grave problema de la droga measures will be taken to confront the serious drug problem
    se mantiene estable frente al dólar it is holding up o remaining stable against the dollar
    hay 150, frente a las 120 del año pasado there are 150, compared to o as against 120 last year
    frente a frente face to face
    cuando estuvimos frente a frente no supimos qué decir when we met face to face we didn't know what to say to each other
    le dije frente a frente lo que pensaba de él I told him to his face what I thought of him
    frente por frente: la iglesia y el colegio están frente por frente the church and the school are right o directly opposite each other
    B
    1 ( Meteo) front
    sin novedad en el frente (fr hecha, hum); all quiet on that front ( colloq hum)
    han convertido las aulas en un frente de contiendas políticas they have turned the classrooms into political battlegrounds
    un frente de acción contra la droga a campaign to combat drugs
    3 ( Pol) (agrupación) front
    pertenece al frente de liberación she belongs to the liberation front
    hacer (un) frente común to form a united front
    * * *

     

    frente sustantivo femenino
    forehead, brow (liter);

    ■ sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( de edificio) front, facade (frml);

    ◊ hacer(le) frente a algo (a la realidad, una responsabilidad) to face up to sth;


    (a gastos, obligaciones) to meet sth;
    ◊ hacerle frente a algn (a enemigo, atacante) to face sb

    b) ( en locs)

    ◊ al frente: dar un paso al frente to take a step forward;

    vive al frente (Chi) she lives opposite;
    estar al frente de algo ( de una clasificación) to be at the top of sth;

    ( de una empresa) to be in charge of sth;

    una foto de frente a full-face photo;
    de frente a (AmL) facing;
    frente a opposite;
    estamos frente a un grave problema we are faced with a serious problem
    2 (Meteo, Mil, Pol) front
    frente
    I sustantivo masculino
    1 front: los soldados se marchan al frente mañana, the soldiers are leaving for the front tomorrow
    2 (fachada) front, facade: el frente del hotel da al Paseo del Prado, the front of the hotel faces the Paseo del Prado
    II f Anat forehead
    ♦ Locuciones: hacer frente a algo, to face something, stand up to something
    al frente de, at the head of
    de frente, (hacia delante) ahead
    (frontalmente) head-on
    frente a, in front of, opposite
    frente a frente, face-to-face
    tener dos dedos de frente, to have common sense
    ' frente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    arrugarse
    - copete
    - dedo
    - desafiar
    - enfrentar
    - escrita
    - escrito
    - fomento
    - juramentar
    - miliciana
    - miliciano
    - nacional
    - penetrar
    - salida
    - salido
    - saliente
    - sudor
    - testuz
    - valor
    - ante
    - brecha
    - chocar
    - dar
    - enjugar
    - reaccionar
    - recurrir
    - rozar
    - tomar
    - tormenta
    English:
    brow
    - collide
    - confront
    - cushion
    - dissenter
    - face
    - forehead
    - front
    - head-on
    - mop
    - music
    - off
    - opposite
    - pucker
    - self-conscious
    - shortfall
    - stand up
    - thick
    - across
    - amenable
    - brave
    - cover
    - forefront
    - give
    - hard
    - head
    - lose
    - meet
    - picket
    - present
    - stand
    - straight
    - trickle
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    forehead;
    arrugar la frente to knit one's brow, to frown;
    frente a frente face to face;
    ir con la frente muy alta to hold one's head high
    ♦ nm
    1. [parte delantera] front;
    el frente de la casa está pintado de amarillo the front of the house is painted yellow;
    que den un paso al frente los voluntarios could the volunteers please step forward?;
    su hermano está al frente de la compañía her brother is in charge of the company;
    marchaba al frente de los manifestantes she was marching at the front of o leading the demonstration;
    el Académico sigue al frente de la liga Académico are still top of the league;
    Am
    pasar al frente [en clase] to come to the front of the class [to recite a lesson];
    de frente [hacia delante] forwards;
    [uno contra otro] head-on;
    chocaron de frente they collided head-on, they were involved in a head-on collision;
    me encontré de frente con él I found myself face to face with him;
    abordar un problema de frente to tackle a problem head-on;
    Am
    de frente a facing;
    se puso de frente a la casa he stood facing the house;
    hay una panadería en frente there's a baker's opposite;
    en frente de mi casa opposite my house;
    frente a [enfrente de] opposite;
    se encuentra frente a él she's opposite him
    2. Mil front;
    murió en el frente he died on the front;
    hacer o [m5] formar frente común to make common cause
    frente de batalla battlefront
    3. Meteo front
    frente cálido warm front;
    frente frío cold front
    4. [grupo, organización] front
    Frente Amplio = coalition of left-wing Uruguayan political parties;
    frente popular popular front;
    Frente Sandinista (de Liberación Nacional) Sandinista (National Liberation) Front
    5.
    hacer frente a algo [enfrentarse a algo] to face up to sth, to tackle sth;
    hicieron frente a la situación they faced up to the situation;
    hacer frente a un problema to tackle a problem
    ♦ prep
    1 [de cara a]
    estamos frente a una revolución científica we are facing a scientific revolution;
    frente a la injusticia es necesario actuar we must act to combat injustice;
    frente a las duras críticas de la oposición… in the face of harsh criticism from the opposition…
    2 [en contraste con]
    frente al cielo nublado de ayer, hoy tendremos sol unlike yesterday, when it was cloudy, today it will be sunny;
    frente a los habitantes de la costa, los del interior… compared to people who live on the coast, those who live inland…
    * * *
    I f forehead;
    con la frente alta/erguida fig with (one’s) head held high;
    lo lleva escrito en la frente fig it’s written all over him
    II m
    1 MIL, METEO front
    :
    de frente al grupo L.Am. facing the group;
    foto de frente head and shoulders photograph;
    frente a frente fig face to face;
    estar al frente de algo head sth, lead sth;
    hacer frente a situación face up to; deudas meet, be able to pay;
    ponte más al frente move further forward, move closer to the front;
    ponerse al frente de la situación fig take charge (of the situation)
    III prp
    :
    frente a opposite;
    estar frente a crisis be faced with, be facing
    * * *
    frente nm
    1) : front
    al frente de: at the head of
    en frente: in front, opposite
    2) : facade
    3) : front line, sphere of activity
    4) : front (in meteorology)
    frente frío: cold front
    5)
    hacer frente a : to face up to, to brave
    frente nf
    1) : forehead, brow
    2)
    frente a frente : face to face
    * * *
    1. (en meteorología, guerra) front
    2. (de la cara) forehead
    hacer frente a alguien to stand up to somebody [pt. & pp. stood]

    Spanish-English dictionary > frente

  • 6 UP

    SF ABR
    = Unidad Popular
    2) Col
    = Unión Patriótica = Unión Popular
    * * *
    UP
    A (en Col) = Unión Patriótica
    B (en Chi) ( Hist) = Unidad Popular
    * * *
    UP1 nf (abrev de Unión Patriótica)
    = Colombian political party
    UP2 nf Hist (abrev de Unidad Popular)
    = coalition of left-wing Chilean political parties

    Spanish-English dictionary > UP

  • 7 коалиционное правительство

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > коалиционное правительство

  • 8 Linkskoalition

    f POL. left-wing coalition, coalition of the left
    * * *
    Linkskoalition f POL left-wing coalition, coalition of the left

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Linkskoalition

  • 9 Mitte

    f; -, -n
    1. (mittlerer Teil) middle; (Mittelpunkt) cent|re (Am. -er); wir nahmen ihn in die Mitte we took him between us; beim Sitzen: we sat down on either side of him; in unserer Mitte with us, in our midst; jemand aus unsrer Mitte someone from our midst, one of our close friends; er wurde aus unserer Mitte gerissen euph. he was taken from our midst; in der Mitte zwischen half-way between; die goldene Mitte fig. the golden mean, a ( oder the) happy medium; ab durch die Mitte! umg. off you go!
    2. nur Sg.; Zeitpunkt: Mitte Juli in the middle of July, (in) mid-July; Mitte des Jahres halfway through the year; Mitte der Woche midweek, in the middle of the week; Mitte nächster Woche in the middle of next week; in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts in the mid-18th century; Mitte dreißig in one’s mid-thirties
    3. nur Sg.; POL.: die Mitte the cent|re (Am. -er); eine Koalition der Mitte a coalition of the cent|re (Am. -er); eine Politik der Mitte a policy of moderation
    * * *
    die Mitte
    centre; center; medium; middle
    * * *
    Mịt|te ['mɪtə]
    f -, -n
    1) (= Mittelpunkt, mittlerer Teil) middle; (von Kreis, Kugel, Stadt) centre (Brit), center (US); (SPORT) centre (Brit), center (US)

    ein Buch bis zur Mitte lesen — to read half of a book

    Mitte August — in the middle of August

    Mitte des Jahres/des Monats — halfway through the year/month

    die rechte Mitte — a happy medium

    in der Mitte — in the middle; (zwischen zwei Menschen) in between (them/us etc); (zwischen Ortschaften) halfway, midway

    See:
    → ab
    2) (POL) centre (Brit), center (US)

    die linke/rechte Mitte — centre-left/-right (Brit), center-left/-right (US)

    in der Mitte stehen — to be moderate

    rechts/links von der Mitte — right/left of centre (Brit) or center (US)

    3)

    (von Gruppe, Gesellschaft) einer aus unserer Mitte — one of us, one of our number

    in unserer Mitte —

    er wurde aus unserer Mitte gerissen — he was taken from our midst or from amongst us

    * * *
    die
    1) (the central point or part: the middle of a circle.) middle
    2) (the central area of the body; the waist: You're getting rather fat round your middle.) middle
    3) (the central part: I live in the heart of the city; in the heart of the forest; the heart of a lettuce; Let's get straight to the heart of the matter/problem.) heart
    4) (something that is midway between two opposite ends or extremes: Three is the mean of the series one to five.) mean
    * * *
    Mit·te
    <-, -n>
    [ˈmɪtə]
    f
    1. (Punkt in der Hälfte von etwas) midpoint
    2. (Mittelpunkt) centre [or AM -er]
    ▪ in der \Mitte einer S. gen in the centre [or middle] of a thing
    in der \Mitte der Wand in the centre of the wall
    in der \Mitte einer großen Menschenmenge in the middle of a large crowd of people
    ▪ in der \Mitte zwischen... halfway [or midway] between...
    jdn in die \Mitte nehmen to take hold of sb between one
    aus unserer/ihrer \Mitte from our/their midst
    in unserer/ihrer \Mitte in our/their midst, among us/them [or form our/their number
    3. POL
    ▪ die \Mitte (politische Gruppierung) the centre [or AM -er]
    die linke/rechte \Mitte the centre-left/centre-right, left-of-centre/right-of-centre
    in der \Mitte stehen to be in the centre
    4. (zur Hälfte) middle
    \Mitte Januar/Februar/... mid-January/February/...
    \Mitte des Jahres/Monats in the middle of the year/month
    \Mitte [der]... sein to be in one's mid-...
    ich hätte sie auf \Mitte dreißig geschätzt I would have said that she's in her mid-thirties
    5.
    ▶ ab durch die \Mitte! (fam) come on, let's get out of here! [or sl beat it]
    ▶ die goldene \Mitte the golden mean, a happy medium
    * * *
    die; Mitte, Mitten
    1) middle; (Punkt) middle; centre; (eines Kreises, einer Kugel, Stadt) centre

    die goldene Mitte — (fig.) the golden mean

    ab durch die Mitte! — (fig. ugs.) off you go

    2) (Zeitpunkt) middle

    Mitte des Monats/Jahres — in the middle of the month/year

    Mitte Februar — in mid-February; in the middle of February

    er ist Mitte [der] Dreißig — he's in his mid-thirties

    3) (Politik) centre
    4)
    * * *
    Mitte f; -, -n
    1. (mittlerer Teil) middle; (Mittelpunkt) centre (US -er);
    wir nahmen ihn in die Mitte we took him between us; beim Sitzen: we sat down on either side of him;
    in unserer Mitte with us, in our midst;
    jemand aus unsrer Mitte someone from our midst, one of our close friends;
    er wurde aus unserer Mitte gerissen euph he was taken from our midst;
    in der Mitte zwischen half-way between;
    die goldene Mitte fig the golden mean, a ( oder the) happy medium;
    ab durch die Mitte! umg off you go!
    2. nur sg; Zeitpunkt:
    Mitte Juli in the middle of July, (in) mid-July;
    Mitte des Jahres halfway through the year;
    Mitte der Woche midweek, in the middle of the week;
    Mitte nächster Woche in the middle of next week;
    in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts in the mid-18th century;
    Mitte dreißig in one’s mid-thirties
    3. nur sg; POL:
    die Mitte the centre (US -er);
    eine Koalition der Mitte a coalition of the centre (US -er);
    eine Politik der Mitte a policy of moderation
    * * *
    die; Mitte, Mitten
    1) middle; (Punkt) middle; centre; (eines Kreises, einer Kugel, Stadt) centre

    die goldene Mitte — (fig.) the golden mean

    ab durch die Mitte! — (fig. ugs.) off you go

    2) (Zeitpunkt) middle

    Mitte des Monats/Jahres — in the middle of the month/year

    Mitte Februar — in mid-February; in the middle of February

    er ist Mitte [der] Dreißig — he's in his mid-thirties

    3) (Politik) centre
    4)
    * * *
    -n f.
    center (US) n.
    centre (UK) n.
    middle n.
    midway n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Mitte

  • 10 Mitte-links-Bündnis

    n, Mitte-links-Koalition f POL. centre-left (Am. center-left) coalition
    * * *
    Mitte-links-Bündnis n, Mitte-links-Koalition f POL centre-left (US center-left) coalition

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Mitte-links-Bündnis

  • 11 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 12 FDP

    [ɛfdeː'peː]
    f - abbr
    See:
    von Freie Demokratische Partei
    * * *
    <->
    [ɛfde:ˈpe:]
    * * *
    die; FDP Abkürzung = Freie Demokratische Partei
    •• Cultural note:
    The German Liberal party, which was founded in 1948. This relatively small party tends to gain only 5 to 10% of the vote at general elections, but it has held the balance of power in various coalition governments both with the SPD and the CDU/CSU. It supports a free-market economy and the freedom of the individual
    * * *
    FDP f; -, kein pl; abk (Freie Demokratische Partei) Free Democratic Party
    A. adj
    1. free;
    freier Bürger HIST freeborn citizen, freeman;
    ein freier Mensch (der tun kann, was er will) a free agent;
    sie ist frei zu gehen, wenn sie will she is free to go if she wishes;
    ich bin so frei obs oder hum sich bedienend etc: if I may;
    ich war so frei, Ihr Auto zu nehmen oder
    und nahm Ihr Auto I took the liberty of using your car, I helped myself to your car
    2. Wahl, Wille etc: free; Zugang: unrestricted, unlimited; (unbehindert) unrestrained;
    „frei ab 16“ FILM 16 (= no admission to persons under 16 years), US etwa R(-rated);
    jetzt haben wir freie Fahrt mit Zug: the signal’s green now, the train can go now; mit Auto: the road’s clear now; fig there’s nothing to stop us now;
    auf freiem Fuß sein be free; Verbrecher: be at large;
    jemanden auf freien Fuß setzen set sb free, let sb go;
    das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung the right of free speech ( oder of self-expression);
    freiem Willen of one’s own free will;
    die freie Wahl haben zwischen … und … be free to choose between … and …
    3. (unabhängig, selbstständig) Stadt etc: free; Beruf, Tankstelle etc: independent; (nicht gebunden) unattached; Journalist, Künstler etc: freelance;
    die freien Künste the liberal arts;
    freier Mitarbeiter freelance(r); → Freie2
    4. im Namen von Organisationen etc:
    Freie Demokratische Partei (abk FDP) Free Democratic Party;
    Freie Deutsche Jugend (abk FDJ) hist DDR Free German Youth;
    Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (abk FDGB) hist DDR Free German Trade Union Organization;
    die Freie Hansestadt Bremen the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen;
    die Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg the Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg
    5. WIRTSCH:
    im freien Handel available in the shops (US in stores);
    freier Markt open market; BÖRSE unofficial market;
    freie Marktwirtschaft free market economy;
    freier Wechselkurs floating exchange rate;
    (die) freie Wirtschaft free enterprise;
    die Rechte an diesem Buchtitel werden bald frei the rights in this title will soon be free ( oder available)
    6. (unbesetzt) Stuhl, Raum etc: free, available; Leitung: vacant; Stelle: vacant, open; Straße etc: clear, empty; (unbeschrieben) Seite etc: blank;
    frei am WC: vacant; am Taxi: for hire;
    freie Stelle vacancy;
    der Platz noch frei? is this seat taken?, is anyone sitting here?;
    der Stuhl/die Zeile muss frei bleiben the chair must be kept free/the line must be left blank;
    Platz frei lassen/machen für leave/make space for;
    jemandem den Weg frei machen clear the way for sb;
    zwei Zeilen frei lassen leave two blank lines; → Bahn, Ring, Zimmer
    7. (unbedeckt) bare;
    der Rock lässt die Knie frei the skirt is above the knee;
    den Oberkörper frei machen strip to the waist; → auch freilassen
    8. Feld, Himmel, Sicht: open;
    aufs freie Meer hinaus out into the open sea;
    auf freier Strecke on an open stretch (BAHN of line, Straße: of road);
    in freier Wildbahn in the wild;
    unter freiem Himmel in the open (air), outside
    9. Tag, Zeit etc: free; nachgestellt: off; Person: free, not busy;
    freie Zeit free ( oder leisure) time;
    nächsten Dienstag ist frei next Tuesday is a holiday;
    hast du morgen frei? do you have tomorrow off?;
    seitdem habe ich keine freie Minute mehr since then I haven’t had a free moment ( oder a moment to myself);
    sind Sie (gerade) frei? Taxi: are you taken?; Verkäufer: are you serving someone?
    10. (kostenlos) free (of charge);
    freier Eintritt admission free (
    für to);
    Kinder unter sechs sind frei umg von Eintritt, Fahrgeld: children under six are free, no charge for children under six;
    20 kg Gepäck sind frei there is a baggage (besonders US luggage) allowance of 20kg;
    frei Haus carriage paid;
    Lieferung frei Haus free delivery, no delivery charge;
    dazu bekommt sie auch noch einen Job frei Haus fig what’s more she gets a job handed to her on a plate;
    du hast noch zwei Versuche frei fig you have two tries left
    11.
    frei von (ohne) free from ( oder of), without; von Eis, Schneeschicht etc: clear of; von Steuern etc befreit: exempt from;
    frei von Schmerzen free from pain;
    frei von Schulden free from debt;
    frei von Zusätzen free of additives;
    niemand ist frei von Fehlern/Vorurteilen nobody is perfect/free from prejudice
    12.
    sich frei machen von free o.s. of; (herauskommen aus) get out of; (loswerden) get rid of
    13. fig (ungezwungen) free and easy; (offen) open; (moralisch großzügig) liberal;
    freie Liebe free love;
    sie ist schon viel freier geworden she has loosened up a great deal
    14. fig Übersetzung: free;
    freie Hand haben have a free hand (
    bei with);
    jemandem freie Hand lassen give sb a free hand (
    bei with);
    mit der freien Hand zeichnen (ohne Hilfsmittel) draw sth freehand
    15. Sport (ungedeckt) unmarked;
    zum nächsten freien Mitspieler passen pass to the nearest unmarked player;
    der freie Mann (vor der Abwehr) the sweeper
    16. Postwesen: (frankiert) prepaid, post paid
    17. PHYS; Elektron, Fall, Radikal etc: free; CHEM uncombined;
    im freien Fall in free fall;
    frei werden Energie etc: be released;
    freie Valenzen CHEM free valencies
    B. adv
    1. atmen, herumlaufen etc: freely;
    frei geboren freeborn;
    frei laufende Hühner free-range hens;
    frei lebende Tiere wildlife sg, animals living in the wild ( oder out of captivity);
    frei praktizierender Arzt doctor in private practice;
    frei halten (einen Platz) keep, save; (Straße, Einfahrt) keep clear; (Angebot, Stelle etc) keep open;
    „Eingang frei halten!“ keep clear;
    frei halten von keep free of; (Eingang, Straße etc) keep clear of;
    frei halten keep sb free ( oder protect sb) from colds etc, keep colds etc away from sb;
    sich frei halten keep o.s. free (
    für for);
    sich frei halten von ward off, avoid
    2. herumliegen etc: openly;
    frei zugänglich von allen Seiten: freely accessible; für alle: open to all;
    frei stehen Baum, Haus etc: stand by itself; (leer stehen) be unoccupied, be empty; SPORT, Spieler: be unmarked;
    frei stehend Baum: solitary; Haus, nicht angebaut: detached; einzeln: isolated; SPORT, Spieler: unmarked
    3. WIRTSCH:
    frei erhältlich freely available;
    frei finanziert privately financed;
    frei konvertierbar freely convertible;
    frei verkäuflich on general sale, freely available (to buy)
    4. TECH:
    frei beweglich freely moving, mobile;
    schwebend unsupported
    5.
    frei (und offen) openly, frankly, freely; → frank, freiheraus
    6.
    frei sprechen Redner: speak without notes; mit Handy im Auto: phone ( oder talk) hands-free, use the speaker phone;
    ich möchte den Vortrag frei halten I want to give the lecture without notes;
    einen Kreis frei zeichnen draw a circle freehand;
    das Kind kann schon frei laufen/stehen the child can walk/stand unaided
    7.
    frei erfunden (entirely) fictitious;
    das hat er frei erfunden he made that up;
    frei nach (einem Stück von) X freely adapted from (a play by) X
    8. (liberal) liberally;
    frei erzogen sein have had a liberal upbringing; → auch freibekommen, freigeben etc
    * * *
    die; FDP Abkürzung = Freie Demokratische Partei
    •• Cultural note:
    The German Liberal party, which was founded in 1948. This relatively small party tends to gain only 5 to 10% of the vote at general elections, but it has held the balance of power in various coalition governments both with the SPD and the CDU/CSU. It supports a free-market economy and the freedom of the individual

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > FDP

  • 13 crear

    v.
    1 to create.
    me crea muchos problemas it gives me a lot of trouble, it causes me a lot of problems
    Picasso creó escuela Picasso's works have had a seminal influence
    Ricardo crea obras de arte Richard creates works of art.
    Ellas crean criaturas raras They create weird creatures.
    2 to invent.
    3 to found.
    4 to make, to make up.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to create
    2 (fundar) to found, establish; (partido) to set up
    3 (inventar) to invent
    1 to make, make for oneself
    2 (imaginarse) to imagine
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=hacer, producir) [+ obra, objeto, empleo] to create
    2) (=establecer) [+ comisión, comité, fondo, negocio, sistema] to set up; [+ asociación, cooperativa] to form, set up; [+ cargo, puesto] to create; [+ movimiento, organización] to create, establish, found

    ¿qué se necesita para crear una empresa? — what do you need in order to set up o start a business?

    aspiraban a crear un estado independiente — they aimed to create o establish o found an independent state

    3) (=dar lugar a) [+ condiciones, clima, ambiente] to create; [+ problemas] to cause, create; [+ expectativas] to raise

    el vacío creado por su muerte — the gap left o created by her death

    4) liter (=nombrar) to make, appoint
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <obra/modelo/tendencia> to create, < producto> to develop
    b) < sistema> to create, establish, set up; < institución> to set up, create; <comisión/fondo> to set up; < empleo> to create; < ciudad> to build
    2) <dificultades/problemas> to cause, create; <ambiente/clima> to create; <fama/prestigio> to bring; < reputación> to earn
    2.
    crearse v pron < problema> to create... for oneself
    * * *
    = design (for/to), construct, create, engender, establish, fashion, forge, form, invent, set up, compose, originate, bring into + being, mint, found, institute, come into + existence, mother, come up with.
    Ex. In lists designed for international use a symbolic notation instead of textual notes may be used.
    Ex. The objective in executing these three stages is to construct a document profile which reflects its subject = El propósito de llevar a cabo estas tres etapas es elaborar un perfil documental que refleje su materia.
    Ex. National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.
    Ex. In addition to problems with new subjects which lacked 'accepted' or established names, this guiding principle engendered inconsistency in the form of headings.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex. The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.
    Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex. Formed in 1969, the first operational system was implemented in 1972-3.
    Ex. Frequently, but not always, this same process will have been attempted by the author when inventing the title, and this explains why the title is often a useful aid to indexing.
    Ex. By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.
    Ex. There have never been any attempts to compose a bibliography of US government documents relating to international law.
    Ex. In the 'office of the present', a document is usually produced by several people: someone, say an administrator or manager, who originates and checks it, a typist, who prepares the text, and a draughtsman or artist who prepares the diagrams.
    Ex. MARC was brought into being originally to facilitate the creation of LC catalogue cards.
    Ex. The article 'The newly minted MLS: what do we need to know today?' describes the skills which, ideally, every US library school graduate should possess at the end of the 1990s.
    Ex. The earliest community information service in Australia dates from as recently as 1958 when Citizens' Advice Bureaux, modelled on their British namesake, were founded in Perth = El primer servicio de información ciudadana de Australia es reciente y data de 1958 cuando se creó en Perth la Oficina de Información al Ciudadano, a imitación de su homónima británica.
    Ex. The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg family income supplement, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.
    Ex. Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex. Necessity mothers invention, and certainly invention in the presentation of books mothers surprised interest.
    Ex. Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    ----
    * crear adicción = be addictive.
    * crear alianzas = form + alliances, make + alliances.
    * crear apoyo = build + support.
    * crear canales para = establish + channels for.
    * crear con gran destreza = craft.
    * crear consenso = forge + consensus.
    * crear demanda = make + demand.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * crear desconfianza = create + distrust.
    * crear desesperación = yield + despair.
    * crear falsas ilusiones = create + false illusions.
    * crear interés = build + interest.
    * crear la ilusión = generate + illusion.
    * crear lazos = build up + links.
    * crear lazos afectivos = bond.
    * crear posibilidades = open + window, create + possibilities.
    * crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.
    * crear prototipos = prototype.
    * crear relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * crearse = build up, hew.
    * crearse el prestigio de ser = establish + a record as.
    * crear servidor web = put up + web site.
    * crearse una identidad = forge + identity.
    * crearse una vida = build + life.
    * crear una alianza = forge + alliance.
    * crear una base = form + a basis.
    * crear una buena impresión en = make + a good impression on.
    * crear una coalición = forge + coalition.
    * crear una colección = build + collection.
    * crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * crear una familia = have + a family.
    * crear una ilusión = create + illusion.
    * crear una imagen = build + an image, create + image, summon up + image.
    * crear una injusticia = create + injustice.
    * crear una marca de identidad = branding.
    * crear una ocasión = create + opportunity.
    * crear una preocupación = create + concern.
    * crear una situación = create + a situation.
    * crear un clima = promote + climate.
    * crear un comité = set up + committee.
    * crear un entorno = create + an environment.
    * crear un equilibrio = establish + a balance.
    * crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.
    * crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.
    * crear un grupo = set up + group.
    * crear un índice = generate + index.
    * crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.
    * crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.
    * crear un servidor web = open up + web site.
    * crear vínculos = build up + links.
    * crear vínculos afectivos = bond.
    * oposición + crear = opposition + line up.
    * que crea adicción = addictive.
    * que crea hábito = addictive.
    * volver a crear = recreate [re-create].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <obra/modelo/tendencia> to create, < producto> to develop
    b) < sistema> to create, establish, set up; < institución> to set up, create; <comisión/fondo> to set up; < empleo> to create; < ciudad> to build
    2) <dificultades/problemas> to cause, create; <ambiente/clima> to create; <fama/prestigio> to bring; < reputación> to earn
    2.
    crearse v pron < problema> to create... for oneself
    * * *
    = design (for/to), construct, create, engender, establish, fashion, forge, form, invent, set up, compose, originate, bring into + being, mint, found, institute, come into + existence, mother, come up with.

    Ex: In lists designed for international use a symbolic notation instead of textual notes may be used.

    Ex: The objective in executing these three stages is to construct a document profile which reflects its subject = El propósito de llevar a cabo estas tres etapas es elaborar un perfil documental que refleje su materia.
    Ex: National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.
    Ex: In addition to problems with new subjects which lacked 'accepted' or established names, this guiding principle engendered inconsistency in the form of headings.
    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex: The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.
    Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex: Formed in 1969, the first operational system was implemented in 1972-3.
    Ex: Frequently, but not always, this same process will have been attempted by the author when inventing the title, and this explains why the title is often a useful aid to indexing.
    Ex: By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.
    Ex: There have never been any attempts to compose a bibliography of US government documents relating to international law.
    Ex: In the 'office of the present', a document is usually produced by several people: someone, say an administrator or manager, who originates and checks it, a typist, who prepares the text, and a draughtsman or artist who prepares the diagrams.
    Ex: MARC was brought into being originally to facilitate the creation of LC catalogue cards.
    Ex: The article 'The newly minted MLS: what do we need to know today?' describes the skills which, ideally, every US library school graduate should possess at the end of the 1990s.
    Ex: The earliest community information service in Australia dates from as recently as 1958 when Citizens' Advice Bureaux, modelled on their British namesake, were founded in Perth = El primer servicio de información ciudadana de Australia es reciente y data de 1958 cuando se creó en Perth la Oficina de Información al Ciudadano, a imitación de su homónima británica.
    Ex: The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg family income supplement, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.
    Ex: Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex: Necessity mothers invention, and certainly invention in the presentation of books mothers surprised interest.
    Ex: Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    * crear adicción = be addictive.
    * crear alianzas = form + alliances, make + alliances.
    * crear apoyo = build + support.
    * crear canales para = establish + channels for.
    * crear con gran destreza = craft.
    * crear consenso = forge + consensus.
    * crear demanda = make + demand.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * crear desconfianza = create + distrust.
    * crear desesperación = yield + despair.
    * crear falsas ilusiones = create + false illusions.
    * crear interés = build + interest.
    * crear la ilusión = generate + illusion.
    * crear lazos = build up + links.
    * crear lazos afectivos = bond.
    * crear posibilidades = open + window, create + possibilities.
    * crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.
    * crear prototipos = prototype.
    * crear relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * crearse = build up, hew.
    * crearse el prestigio de ser = establish + a record as.
    * crear servidor web = put up + web site.
    * crearse una identidad = forge + identity.
    * crearse una vida = build + life.
    * crear una alianza = forge + alliance.
    * crear una base = form + a basis.
    * crear una buena impresión en = make + a good impression on.
    * crear una coalición = forge + coalition.
    * crear una colección = build + collection.
    * crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * crear una familia = have + a family.
    * crear una ilusión = create + illusion.
    * crear una imagen = build + an image, create + image, summon up + image.
    * crear una injusticia = create + injustice.
    * crear una marca de identidad = branding.
    * crear una ocasión = create + opportunity.
    * crear una preocupación = create + concern.
    * crear una situación = create + a situation.
    * crear un clima = promote + climate.
    * crear un comité = set up + committee.
    * crear un entorno = create + an environment.
    * crear un equilibrio = establish + a balance.
    * crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.
    * crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.
    * crear un grupo = set up + group.
    * crear un índice = generate + index.
    * crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.
    * crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.
    * crear un servidor web = open up + web site.
    * crear vínculos = build up + links.
    * crear vínculos afectivos = bond.
    * oposición + crear = opposition + line up.
    * que crea adicción = addictive.
    * que crea hábito = addictive.
    * volver a crear = recreate [re-create].

    * * *
    crear [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹obra/modelo› to create; ‹tendencia› to create
    crear una nueva imagen para el producto to create a new image for the product
    crearon un producto revolucionario they developed o created a revolutionary product
    2 ‹sistema› to create, establish, set up; ‹institución› to set up, create; ‹comisión/fondo› to set up; ‹empleo› to create
    crearon una ciudad en pleno desierto they built a city in the middle of the desert
    B ‹dificultades/problemas› to cause, create; ‹ambiente/clima› to create; ‹fama/prestigio› to bring; ‹reputación› to earn
    su arrogancia le creó muchas enemistades his arrogance made him many enemies
    no quiero crear falsas expectativas en mis alumnos I don't want to raise false hopes among my students, I don't want to give my students false hopes
    se crea muchas dificultades he creates o makes a lot of problems for himself
    ¿para qué te creas más trabajo? why make more work for yourself?
    será difícil llenar el vacío creado con su desaparición it will be difficult to fill the gap left by his death
    * * *

     

    crear ( conjugate crear) verbo transitivo
    to create;
    ‹ producto› to develop;
    ‹institución/comisión/fondo› to set up;
    ‹fama/prestigio› to bring;
    ‹ reputación› to earn;
    ◊ crea muchos problemas it causes o creates a lot of problems;

    no quiero crear falsas expectativas I don't want to raise false hopes
    crearse verbo pronominal ‹ problema› to create … for oneself;

    ‹ enemigos› to make
    crear verbo transitivo to create
    ' crear' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    falsificar
    - hacer
    - ilusionar
    - infundio
    - rompecabezas
    - constituir
    - formar
    - meter
    English:
    boat
    - bonding
    - create
    - fashion
    - never-never land
    - rapport
    - stage
    - afoot
    - develop
    - devise
    - disrupt
    - establish
    - illusion
    - set
    - you
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [hacer, producir, originar] to create;
    crear empleo/riqueza to create jobs/wealth;
    han creado un nuevo ministerio para él they have created a new ministry for him;
    me crea muchos problemas it gives me a lot of trouble, it causes me a lot of problems;
    Picasso creó escuela Picasso's works have had a seminal influence
    2. [inventar] to invent;
    [poema, sinfonía] to compose, to write; [cuadro] to paint
    3. [fundar] to found
    * * *
    v/t create; empresa set up
    * * *
    crear vt
    1) : to create, to cause
    2) : to originate
    * * *
    crear vb
    1. (en general) to create
    2. (comité, empresa, etc) to set up

    Spanish-English dictionary > crear

  • 14 disputa

    f.
    dispute.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: disputar.
    * * *
    1 (discusión) dispute, argument, quarrel
    2 (enfrentamiento) clash, struggle
    \
    sin disputa without dispute
    tener una disputa to quarrel
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=discusión) dispute, argument

    sin disputa — undoubtedly, beyond dispute

    2) (=controversia) controversy
    * * *
    a) (discusión, pelea) quarrel, argument
    b) ( controversia) dispute

    es, sin disputa, la mejor — she is, without question, the best

    * * *
    = disputation, row, quarrel, fray, contest, run-in, altercation, dispute, wrangle, bickering, argument, squabble, squabbling, contestation, tug of war, spat, war of words, dust-up, grievance.
    Ex. Academic disputations are generally entered under the heading for the faculty moderator.
    Ex. The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.
    Ex. The following account of a quarrel which took place in about 1540 between Thomas Platter and Balthasar Ruch comes from Platter's autobiography = El siguiente relato de la pelea que tuvo lugar alreadedor de 1540 entre Thomas Platter y Balthasar Ruch procede de la autobiografía del mismo Platter.
    Ex. The academic librarian, by remaining neutral, can stay above the fray and does not need to take sides in order to provide scholars with access to the truth.
    Ex. Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.
    Ex. 'When you've been here a while, you'll see that it's hard to avoid run-ins with her,' Lehmann spoke up.
    Ex. Then I came within this disagreeable person's atmosphere, and lo! before I know what's happened I'm involved in an unpleasant altercation.
    Ex. In practice meetings of the Council of Ministers -- the Community's main legislative body -- have in recent years become a forum for acrimonious dispute.
    Ex. This is a history of The Old Librarian's Almanack (a pamphlet produced as a hoax in 1909) and of the literary wrangles which ensued from its publication.
    Ex. Even if the management decided to make an arbitrary decision, it would be better than the endless bickering and ad-hoc measures we are having to put up with.
    Ex. We do not want to see young assistants at the counter getting involved in an argument.
    Ex. One might mistakenly be left with the impression that the crisis is a mere 'banana republic' squabble over power.
    Ex. The DVD-RW drive has arrived but not without lots of squabbling among industry competitors.
    Ex. These relations are constructed through negotiations and contestations that cannot be easily divorced from cultural context.
    Ex. Library administrators might be able to predict their fortunes in the academic tug of war for funds if they understood more clearly the attitudes of institutional administrators towards libraries.
    Ex. It also includes a blow-by-blow account of spats between management and labor.
    Ex. War of words exposed chinks in coalition.
    Ex. The annual global dust-up over whale hunting is about to kick off again.
    Ex. So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).
    ----
    * disputa + continuar = dispute + rage.
    * disputa industrial = industrial dispute, industrial action.
    * disputa + perdurar = dispute + rage.
    * resolución de disputas = dispute settlement.
    * resolver una disputa = settle + dispute.
    * * *
    a) (discusión, pelea) quarrel, argument
    b) ( controversia) dispute

    es, sin disputa, la mejor — she is, without question, the best

    * * *
    = disputation, row, quarrel, fray, contest, run-in, altercation, dispute, wrangle, bickering, argument, squabble, squabbling, contestation, tug of war, spat, war of words, dust-up, grievance.

    Ex: Academic disputations are generally entered under the heading for the faculty moderator.

    Ex: The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.
    Ex: The following account of a quarrel which took place in about 1540 between Thomas Platter and Balthasar Ruch comes from Platter's autobiography = El siguiente relato de la pelea que tuvo lugar alreadedor de 1540 entre Thomas Platter y Balthasar Ruch procede de la autobiografía del mismo Platter.
    Ex: The academic librarian, by remaining neutral, can stay above the fray and does not need to take sides in order to provide scholars with access to the truth.
    Ex: Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.
    Ex: 'When you've been here a while, you'll see that it's hard to avoid run-ins with her,' Lehmann spoke up.
    Ex: Then I came within this disagreeable person's atmosphere, and lo! before I know what's happened I'm involved in an unpleasant altercation.
    Ex: In practice meetings of the Council of Ministers -- the Community's main legislative body -- have in recent years become a forum for acrimonious dispute.
    Ex: This is a history of The Old Librarian's Almanack (a pamphlet produced as a hoax in 1909) and of the literary wrangles which ensued from its publication.
    Ex: Even if the management decided to make an arbitrary decision, it would be better than the endless bickering and ad-hoc measures we are having to put up with.
    Ex: We do not want to see young assistants at the counter getting involved in an argument.
    Ex: One might mistakenly be left with the impression that the crisis is a mere 'banana republic' squabble over power.
    Ex: The DVD-RW drive has arrived but not without lots of squabbling among industry competitors.
    Ex: These relations are constructed through negotiations and contestations that cannot be easily divorced from cultural context.
    Ex: Library administrators might be able to predict their fortunes in the academic tug of war for funds if they understood more clearly the attitudes of institutional administrators towards libraries.
    Ex: It also includes a blow-by-blow account of spats between management and labor.
    Ex: War of words exposed chinks in coalition.
    Ex: The annual global dust-up over whale hunting is about to kick off again.
    Ex: So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).
    * disputa + continuar = dispute + rage.
    * disputa industrial = industrial dispute, industrial action.
    * disputa + perdurar = dispute + rage.
    * resolución de disputas = dispute settlement.
    * resolver una disputa = settle + dispute.

    * * *
    1 (discusión, pelea) quarrel, argument
    2 (controversia) dispute
    ha sido objeto de una larga disputa it has been the source of a long-running dispute
    es, sin disputa, la mejor she is, without question, the best
    3 (combate) fight
    * * *

    Del verbo disputar: ( conjugate disputar)

    disputa es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    disputa    
    disputar
    disputa sustantivo femenino
    a) (discusión, pelea) quarrel, argument



    disputar ( conjugate disputar) verbo transitivo
    a) disputale algo a algn ‹ título› to challenge sb for sth;


    b) ‹ partido› to play;

    ‹ combate› to fight
    disputarse verbo pronominal:

    disputa sustantivo femenino
    1 (enfrentamiento) dispute
    (por un puesto, etc) contest
    2 (riña, pelea) argument
    disputar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (debatir) disputaban sobre ello acaloradamente, they were arguing heatedly about it
    2 (competir por) to contest: han disputado la carrera dos de los mejores atletas, two of the best athletes competed in the race
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (competir) to compete: le disputa la presidencia a Gómez, he is competing against Gómez for the presidency
    2 Dep (un encuentro) to play

    ' disputa' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acalorada
    - acalorado
    - bronca
    - concesión
    - discusión
    - disgusto
    - disputar
    - disputarse
    - margen
    - trabar
    - agrio
    - arbitrar
    - litigio
    - lugar
    - originar
    - pleito
    - querella
    English:
    acrimonious
    - contention
    - dispute
    - embroil
    - feud
    - fight
    - quarrel
    - quarreling
    - quarrelling
    - row
    - squabble
    - wrangle
    - settle
    * * *
    1. [discusión] dispute, argument
    2. [competición] contest;
    la disputa por el título de liga the battle for the league title;
    entrar en la disputa por algo to enter the contest for sth;
    hay mucha disputa para conseguir el puesto there's a lot of competition for the post
    3. [polémica] dispute;
    mediar o [m5] terciar en la disputa to intervene in the dispute;
    es, sin disputa, el más lujoso it is indisputably o unquestionably the most luxurious
    * * *
    f dispute;
    sin disputa undoubtedly
    * * *
    altercado, discusión: dispute, argument

    Spanish-English dictionary > disputa

  • 15 hendidura

    f.
    1 cut, split.
    2 crack, chink, cleavage, cleft.
    * * *
    1 cleft, crack
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=grieta) [en pared, superficie] crack
    2) (=corte) cleft, split
    3) (Geol) rift, fissure
    * * *
    femenino ( en madera) crack; ( en roca) fissure, crack
    * * *
    = cleavage, chink, opening, cleft, slit.
    Ex. After the Civil War, Emerson saw in collegiate education 'a cleavage occurring in the hitherto firm granite of the past'.
    Ex. War of words exposed chinks in coalition.
    Ex. The cyber criminals are persistent -- if they can't get through one opening, they will keep trying until they find the chink in the armour.
    Ex. Anterior view of child's face showing a cleft of the upper lip that extends upward to include the left nostril.
    Ex. To make room for your puppet's mouth, make a slit in the sock between your thumb and fingers.
    * * *
    femenino ( en madera) crack; ( en roca) fissure, crack
    * * *
    = cleavage, chink, opening, cleft, slit.

    Ex: After the Civil War, Emerson saw in collegiate education 'a cleavage occurring in the hitherto firm granite of the past'.

    Ex: War of words exposed chinks in coalition.
    Ex: The cyber criminals are persistent -- if they can't get through one opening, they will keep trying until they find the chink in the armour.
    Ex: Anterior view of child's face showing a cleft of the upper lip that extends upward to include the left nostril.
    Ex: To make room for your puppet's mouth, make a slit in the sock between your thumb and fingers.

    * * *
    (en madera) crack; (en roca) fissure, cleft, crack
    * * *

    hendidura sustantivo femenino ( en madera) crack;
    ( en roca) fissure, crack
    hendidura sustantivo femenino crack
    ' hendidura' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    barranco
    - muesca
    English:
    crevice
    - slit
    - split
    - cleft
    * * *
    [en carne, piel] cut, split; [en piedra, madera] crack
    * * *
    f crack
    * * *
    : crack, crevice, fissure

    Spanish-English dictionary > hendidura

  • 16 resquicio

    m.
    1 chink (abertura).
    2 glimmer (pizca).
    3 opportunity, opening.
    * * *
    1 (abertura) crack, chink
    2 figurado glimmer (oportunidad) chance; (posibilidad) possibility, chance
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) crack, slit
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=abertura) chink, crack
    2) (=oportunidad) opening, opportunity
    3) LAm (=vestigio) sign, trace
    4) Caribe (=pedacito) little bit, small piece
    * * *
    1) ( grieta) crack; ( abertura) gap
    2) ( oportunidad) opportunity, opening
    3) (huella, resto) trace
    * * *
    = chink.
    Ex. War of words exposed chinks in coalition.
    ----
    * resquicio de esperanza = ray of hope, beacon of hope.
    * * *
    1) ( grieta) crack; ( abertura) gap
    2) ( oportunidad) opportunity, opening
    3) (huella, resto) trace
    * * *

    Ex: War of words exposed chinks in coalition.

    * resquicio de esperanza = ray of hope, beacon of hope.

    * * *
    A
    1 (grieta) crack; (abertura) gap
    2
    (espacio, lugar): no queda el menor resquicio para ponerlo there isn't even the tiniest corner left where we can put it
    B (oportunidad) opportunity, opening
    Compuesto:
    ( frml); loophole
    C (huella, resto) trace
    quedaba un resquicio de esperanza there was still a glimmer of hope
    desapareció sin dejar resquicio she disappeared without trace
    * * *

    resquicio sustantivo masculino
    1 ( grieta) crack;
    ( abertura) gap
    2 (huella, resto) trace
    resquicio sustantivo masculino
    1 (en una puerta, pared, etc) chink, gap
    2 fig (posibilidad) chance: aún queda un resquicio para la esperanza, there's still a glimmer of hope
    ' resquicio' also found in these entries:
    English:
    chink
    * * *
    1. [abertura] chink;
    [grieta] crack;
    un resquicio legal a loophole in the law
    2. [pizca] glimmer;
    el mal tiempo no deja resquicio alguno a la esperanza de encontrar supervivientes the bad weather does not permit even a glimmer of hope of finding survivors;
    el comunicado de la organización revelaba sin resquicio de duda su actitud beligerante the communiqué made by the organization left not the slightest trace of doubt as to its belligerent attitude
    * * *
    m gap
    * * *
    1) : crack
    2) : opportunity, chance
    3) : trace
    sin un resquicio de remordimiento: without a trace of remorse
    4)
    resquicio legal : loophole

    Spanish-English dictionary > resquicio

  • 17 centrosinistra

    centrosinistra s.m. coalition between centre and left-wing parties.
    * * *
    [tʃentrosi'nistra]
    sostantivo maschile invariabile

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > centrosinistra

  • 18 APO

    f; -, kein Pl.; Abk. POL. HIST. ( außerparlamentarische Opposition) extra-parliamentary opposition (anti-authoritarian and non-parliamentary reform movement, particularly during the West-German Grand Coalition of 1966-1969)
    * * *
    ['aːpo]
    f -, no pl abbr
    See:
    * * *
    Apo, APO
    <->
    [ˈa:po]
    f kein pl Akr von außerparlamentarische Opposition left-wing opposition movement in the FRG founded by students and trade-unions in 1966 to promote opposition to the government from outside the parliament
    * * *
    APO f; -, kein pl; abk POL HIST (außerparlamentarische Opposition) extra-parliamentary opposition (anti-authoritarian and non-parliamentary reform movement, particularly during the West-German Grand Coalition of 1966-1969)
    außerparlamentarisch adj extraparliamentary;
    außerparlamentarische Opposition (abk APO) anti-authoritarian and non-parliamentary reform movement (particularly during the German Grand Coalition of 1966-1969)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > APO

  • 19 правительство правительств·о

    government, cabinet, the Ministers; administration амер.; перен. front bench (от передней правительственной скамьи в палате общин Великобритании)

    бросать вызов / открыто не повиноваться правительству — to defy the government

    переформировать правительство — to reshuffle / to shake up a government

    правительство, временно исполняющее свои функции — caretaker government

    свергнуть правительство — to overthrow / to topple / to oust / to bring down the government

    сформировать правительство — to form / to set up a government / a cabinet

    правительство пало — the government / the cabinet fell

    мое правительство поручило мне... — my government instructed me...

    мое правительство меня уполномочило... — I am authorized by my government...

    авторитарное правительство — autocratic / authoritarian government

    английское правительство — Whitehall, Downing Street перен.

    временное правительство — provisional / interim / transitional government

    законное правительство — legal / legitimate government

    национальное правительство (в отличие от властей штата, провинции) — national government

    невидимое правительство (силы, стоящие за спиной официального правительства) — invisible government

    переходное правительство, правительство переходного периода — transition government

    республиканское правительство (из представителей Республиканской партии, США) — Republican government

    перестановка в правительстве — reshuffle of the government, governmental shake-up / reshuffle

    правительство, заигрывающее с массами — popularist administration амер.

    правительство, назначенное и возглавляемое главой государства — presidential government

    правительство, поддерживаемое США — US-backed government

    правительство, признанное де-факто — government recognized de facto

    правительство, признанное де-юре — government recognized de jure

    председатель Правительство Российской Федерации, Премьер-министр — the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation

    заместитель председателя Правительство Российской Федерации, Вице-премьер — the Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation

    Правительство США — US administration; перен. White House

    правительство, существующее с согласия населения — government by cousent

    изменения в составе правительства — cabinet / ministerial changes / reshuffle

    член правительства — cabinet member, member of goverment

    члены правительства, покидающие свои посты в связи с истечением срока полномочий данного кабинета — outgoing cabinet

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > правительство правительств·о

  • 20 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

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